Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Youth Education Essay The entrance to a top notch instruction has become a significant issue for some, creating school locale in the United States; all the more critically, access to a great youth training is considerably additionally restricted to numerous families in light of an absence of access, but since of an absence of assets in the United States government funded educational system. Right now, youth instruction isn't accessible for each understudy in the nation and isn't generally upheld, however creating research around these youthful understudies has demonstrated that a youth training will add to higher graduation rates, decreased crime percentages, higherâ annual compensations, and a 8:1 profit for financial dollar venture all through their lifetimeâ€thus delivering top notch residents. Along these lines, discretionary youth training projects ought to be financed at both the state and government level and all around upheld. Regularly, youth training is focused at three to five-year old kids before entering primary school, yet many exploration studies and projects will distinguish youth care and instruction similarly as significant for this age bunch for what it's worth for kids as long as eight years old. Projects for these youngsters can be either school-based or focus situated in urban orâ rural territories (Early Education for All 2011). Every year among birth and the age of eight denotes a period of exponential cerebrum development and serves to establish the framework for ensuing learning and improvement. Since these years are set apart by wonderful cerebrum development, youth is the prime age time frame for kids to get quality training (National Education Association ! ROIGER! 2! 2014). It appears as though it is practically obvious, a quality youth instruction ought to be accessible to all offspring of the United States so as to help assemble future cultural supporters. Spodek and Saracho’s book, Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children, comes to past its title and addresses the hypothesis and practice of youth training. The creators characterize these three zones as autonomous pieces in society’s viewpoints, yet interrelated truly. Since the beginning, youth instruction has been drilled for any longer than it has been explored. Until the most recent 50 years, when youth training turned into an interesting issue in many financing discusses, not a ton of specialists had started any investigations. As earlyâ childhood instruction improvement turned out to be progressively well known because of formative brain science premium, Spodek and Saracho began to recognize the chain of steps in extending youth training in the United States and speculation assets to prepare teachers (Spodek and Saracho 2006). A significant worry of youth instruction specialists in the United States is the absence of financing, backing, and assets accessible to permit these childcare projects to restrain development. In the previous scarcely any months, subsidizing has been hard to acquire as a result of sequester cuts in federalâ government financing, however it has been considerably progressively hard to get state subsidizing due to the absence of capacity to obtain cash at the state level or find new income. The help for youth training is right now restricted in view of the scant data known to general society about this issue. Youth instruction is in actuality an extremely bipartisan issue, in spite of more activities from liberal people to make these projects a reality. The issue with supporting youth instruction programs is that most constituents are uninformed of the effect it reallyâ has on our general public. ! ROIGER! 3! W. Steven Barnett of Rutgers University Center for Early Education clarifies youth instruction from his aptitude in section one of School Reform Proposals: The Research Evidence. Kids associated with the investigations inside the main section had a drawback contrasted with normal understudies and were bound to rehash a review or bomb a class. Exploration from the Child Parent Centers in Chicago examined 1,500 youngsters ages three to nine with expanded basic projects; the outcomes that returned were more than consoling. Studentsâ who took an interest in the program were less inclined to be set in a custom curriculum, rehash an evaluation level, or be set under adolescent capture. Moreover, these understudies set higher on perusing and math arrangement tests, and they likewise had a higher graduation rate contrasted with the other experimental groups. The exploration reported that accomplishment holes were far superior for this gathering if understudies were from high-neediness neighborhoods. Barnett bolsters youth instruction growing to discretionary regular tutoring before kindergarten, and reports beneficial outcomes on a child’s long haul social and monetary turn of events. (Molnar and Barnett 2002). Soni Sangha, named a white collar class relative of New York City, composed for a segment in the New York Times about her battles finding reasonable access and accessibility to an open preschool program for her firstborn kid. Sangha isn’t alone; a few families are being dismissed to a government funded school youth training due to absence of assets to instruct all kids in the province of New York. These families are being constrained in a center youth instruction, which includes the dynamic interest of guardians giving offices and materials toâ a gathering of kids at the most minimal viable cost conceivable (Sangha 2011). While this technique for instruction is unquestionably helpful and superior to no training at all for little youngsters, Barnett’s ideal youth suggestions remember prepared experts with four year college educations for the field teaching these adolescent (Molnar and Barnett 2011). Be that as it may, on the grounds that Sangha’s family ! ROIGER! 4! didn’t approach open early training program, they needed to agree to not as much as what they were seeking after. Craftsmanship Rolnick is the senior individual and co-chief of the Human Capital Research Collaborative in the University of Minnesotas Humphrey School of Public Affairs, just as the previous executive of exploration at the Federal Reserve Bank in Minneapolis. Rolnick started his work in youth training nearly on mishap; he was selected hesitantly to sit on the board for a youth association known as Ready4K. Rolnick promptly observed the advantages of this early instruction, mentally as well as strategically (Schmickle 2012). As master business analysts, individual associate Rob Grunewald and Rolnick found that top notch educationâ for impeded little youngsters made a 16% monetary yield with expansion balanced rates (Rolnick and Grunewald 2003). The realities happened over one longitudinal investigation as well as four longitudinal examinations. Each investigation returned with steady outcomes: youth instruction is an unsurpassable wellspring of open venture. The capstone of these investigations, known as the Perry Preschool study, found that each dollar put resources into one specific oppressed preschool program yielded more than eight dollars consequently. A similar report again discovered lower captures, higherâ salary income, more graduations, and generally speaking better learning accomplishments over the instruction framework all through basic and auxiliary tutoring (HighScope 2005). Youth instruction can have a noteworthy effect practically directly after birth if a specific individual requests it. For instance, a CBS Denver paper featured Elle, who was an ordinary infant. Nonetheless, when she turned 1 ? a long time old, she began to require more books, games, consideration, and cooperation. Her folks settled on a blameworthy choice of marking her awake for two days of school every week despite the fact that she had an incredible remainder to go to class. Following a little while in the program, the guardians felt no regret as Elle began to flourish in her study hall. Elle’s ! ROIGER! 5! guardians later even depicted it as probably the best thing they could have accomplished for Elle (CBS Denver 2013). This Denver little child demonstrated that early instruction could have an effect at the speed of which the cerebrum creates, and the arrangement is to ensure each family approaches this preparation and improvement of kids. Another worry that has as of late been on the ascent in youth instruction is holding people to work in these childcare programs. Like some other educator or care specialist, low compensations don’t help to pay potential understudy advance installments among a large group of other monetary commitments. As per the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development, pre-teachers gain a normal of $15. 74 every hour and childcare laborers get about $10. 50 every hour. Indeed, even bank employees and janitors win more cash on normal every hour than a childcare specialist at $11. 91 and $11. 65, separately. Since pay is low, request is high. There are 28,422 childcare laborers just in Minnesota and that number is hope to increaseâ by almost 25% in the following decade (Regan 2013). In view of this interest, prepared childcare laborers and teachers are required notwithstanding monetary help to make youth training an open reality for any family who wishes to select. Youth training is a developing pattern in our general public, and the entrance to it has become a developing issue. Financing is the best answer for this issue, yet change may likewise help assume a significant job later on. Different states, for instance, have begun to distribute assets distinctively in their initial learning programs. In 2005, Maryland named an executive of early learning, whoseâ job was to tidy up Marylands current youth training program and make sound proficiency. Because of the designated chief, Maryland has helped 20,000 additional kids gotten prepared for the main day of school (Maryland Department of Education 2014). The White House presently

Color Scheme and the Work Place Essay Example for Free

Shading Scheme and the Work Place Essay Shading Scheme and Work Productivity 1 Running Head: Color Scheme and Work Productivity Color Scheme and Work Productivity How Does the Color Scheme of a Building Affect Work Productivity Introductory Psychology Research Paper Using APA Style Jessica N. Russell Milwaukee Area Technical College July 2008 Color Scheme and Work Productivity 2 Creating a profitable workplace is a move in both the industrial and desk work universes that has the capability of impacting change in the more extensive field of life. High work efficiency while keeping up quality could have an amazingly positive effect on the economy. Research demonstrates that representatives produce a higher yield of work when they are utilized where there is a positive workplace. An enormous piece of the positive condition is the shading plan of the work building. Utilizing shading brain science when planning workplaces can have any kind of effect in demeanor and work execution, consequently affecting the primary concern of an organization. It is the higher work efficiency and uplifting mentalities that are the focal point of this examination. Shading Scheme and Work Productivity How Does the Color Scheme of a Building Affect Work Productivity Introductory Psychology Research Paper Using APA Style Introduction The creator of this exploration paper has been in the workforce for more than ten years. During this time, the creator has worked in a wide assortment of businesses, including: administrative work, food administration, deals and administration, and assortments. The creator is most as of now a group captain in the present situation of authority. Filling in as a worker, and now in a to some degree administrative job, the creator has seen both high and low degrees of profitability performed by representatives. There is a perceptible example that Color Scheme and Work Productivity 3 either most representatives are exceptionally profitable at a portion of the organizations, or the vast majority of the workers are less beneficial than they ought to be at a portion of the organizations. The one thing that has charmed the creator is the distinction in mentalities and work profitability while moving starting with one work environment then onto the next. In some work settings, individuals did disagreeable and troublesome work assignments, yet they kept up an inspirational disposition and high profitability rates. In other workplaces, individuals had an extraordinary activity and worked in a lovely situation, yet their perspectives were not perky to mirror that and work efficiency was normal or low. What in these work places has the effect in work profitability? The creator discussed this undertaking with representatives at work. At the point when the creator referenced what in the â€Å"workplace environment† has any kind of effect, numerous representatives expressed things, for example, decorations, ergonomic work stations, shades of the dividers, windows and craftsmanship in the work environment. The input that was offered prompted the theme for this exploration paper. It is essential to realize the response to shading plans and their effect of work efficiency, as work profitability is the thing that influences a company’s main concern. The company’s primary concern, thusly, has a gigantic effect on the economy. Since financial conditions influence all individuals in this world, it is imperative to Color Scheme and Work Productivity 4 research and discover approaches to build specialist profitability. Since there are numerous things that influence work profitability, the creator limited the examination down to one primary concern that influences levels efficiency. Does the shading plan of a structure influence work profitability? Strategy There has been a lot of research done on the best way to expand work efficiency, going far back at the mid 1800s. Be that as it may, most research has been on the board style and chains of importance in the work place. Not as much accentuation has been put on examining the workplace with respect to shading plans. To discover data for the examination, the writer glanced in the library look into database EBSCOHOST to discover articles identified with shading brain research. The writer additionally used a book composed on the subject of contemporary administration. Results and Findings The most punctual realized examination with respect to the workplace was arrangement of studies was led from 1924 to 1932 at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company. This examination, presently referred to as the Hawthorne Studies started as an endeavor to research how qualities of the work setting †Color Scheme and Work Productivity 5 explicitly at the degree of lighting or brightening †influence laborer weakness and execution. (Jones George, 2008, p. 65). The scientists directed an analysis in which they efficiently estimated specialist profitability at different degrees of enlightenment. The test created some surprising outcomes. The scientists found that whether or not they raised or brought down the degree of brightening, efficiency expanded. Truth be told, profitability possibly started to fall when the degree of brightening dropped to the degree of twilight, a level at which, apparently, laborers could no longer observe alright to accomplish their work effectively. (Jones George, 2008, p. 65). It was presumed that the representatives were simply upbeat that individuals were focusing on them, and seeing what made them work all the more profitably. The Hawthorne Studies didn't take a gander at how brightening at sequential interims for a set timeframe influences the exhibition. This would have addressed the inquiry if the brightening influences work execution. Consequently, from that point, research could have been done with respect to the shading plans of a room. Additionally, a great part of the examination refered to for the Hawthorne Studies was observation based. This would recommend that it is essential to ask the laborers included what their light inclination, just as their shading, inclination is. (Hart, 2004, Color Scheme and Work Productivity 6 P. 1). As indicated by inquire about finished by Blumber Capitals Partners, 80 percent of laborers said the state of their workplace influences their efficiency, and 33 percent said they have in reality left an occupation or taken another one nased on the state of the structure or potentially luxuries advertised. (Kampert, 2008, p. 1). In 1998, an examination was led with respect to task type, banners, workspace shading on state of mind, fulfillment and execution. This examination was regulated by the division of brain research at Creighton University in Omaha, NE. There were 112 understudy members. As a major aspect of the test, they either played out a low or appeal task in a blue or red workspace, with or without a grand banner. (English and Stone, 1998, p. 175). Just threatening vibe was influenced by task type. Fulfillment and execution were not essentially influenced by either the banners. Execution diminished for the appeal undertakings and diminished for the low interest errands. Banners made the work environment increasingly charming, yet in addition expanded apparent assignment request. Seen task request was barely identified with work environment shading. Seen task request may direct the impacts of banners and work environment shading on mind-set and different observations. Other date bolster the idea that cool Color Scheme and Work Productivity 7 hues are quieting and warm hues are animating. (Stone English, 1998, p. 175). Numerous examinations with respect to shading have really been finished by inside originators who enliven homes,and some who brighten workplaces. Inside fashioners know that while individuals don't invest a great deal of energy contemplating room shading, it influences each day of our lives. Room shading impacts our temperament and considerations. Hues influence individuals from numerous points of view, contingent upon one’s age, sexual orientation, ethnic foundation, or nearby atmosphere. (Corrigan, 2008, p. 3). Also,certain hues, or gatherings of hues will in general get a comparative response from a great many people, paying little heed to their age, sexual orientation, ethnic foundation, or nearby atmosphere. The general distinction is in the shades or tones that are utilized. To comprehend what hues work best in specific rooms in either a home or spot of business, it is first essential to comprehend the temperaments that hues bring out. Much research has been done in the zone of shading brain science †the investigation of hues and their effects on dispositions. Underneath you will see the hues recorded and temperament that are evoked. The depictions originate from a book titled Color and Human Response by Faber Birren. The hues and the dispositions they bring out can likewise be situated on any web website that examines shading brain science. Shading Scheme and Work Productivity 8 Red †raise’s a room’s vitality level. It works up energy, yet has likewise been appeared to raise circulatory strain, speed breath and speed pulse. Red can some of the time be unreasonably animating for a room. Blood red †causes individuals to feel bad tempered. Individuals sitting in a blood red space for an extensive stretch of time will probably separate any harmony or concordance that one is endeavoring to make. In general red and ruby hues, should just be utilized in rooms that are utilized after dull where only a light causes the room have a rich to feel. Numerous steak eateries like to utilize red and dark red. Yellow †catches the delight of daylight and imparts satisfaction. Thought it is a bright shading, it should just be utilized in kitchens, lounge areas and restrooms. Individuals are bound to lose their tempers in a yellow room, as it will in general make sentiments of dissatisfaction and outrage in individuals. The shading yellow is additionally exhausting on the eyes. Blue †cuts down circulatory strain and eases back breath and pulse. It is viewed as quieting, unwinding, and tranquil. Pastel blue, in any case, can seem to be horrendously nippy, particularly in a room that gets minimal characteristic light. Shading Scheme and Work Productivity 9 Green †thought about the most relaxing shading on the eye. A wise or medium green chills things off, empowers loosening up, and advances solace and fellowship. Green is accepted to calm worry by helping individuals unwind. Purple †in its darkest structures is rich, sensational and complex. Light purples have a similar impact as pastel blues

Contraception and Safe Sex at MIT!

Contraception and Safe Sex at MIT! **The idea for this post was originally Abby’s, but she is very hosed this week and she wanted it to be posted in honor of the November Rule expiring, so here I am. Per my previous post: the November Rule is technically over. Also per my previous post, this doesn’t mean that it’s okay for frosh and upperclassmen to start hooking up left and right, but I wasn’t born yesterday and I know that it’ll probably happen to some capacity. So before starting with that, you should read this post honestly, anybody who is sexually active (and anybody who would like to come to MIT and would like to also be sexually active at MIT) should read this post. tl;dr MIT has a surprising amount of options for taking care of your sexual health and contraception, most of which are free! Sexual Health at MIT by the students, for the students MIT is a marvelously sex-positive place. But not only are we sex-positive we also care very deeply about sexual health in a way that is honestly unheard of in a lot of places. We have two student organizations that focus specifically on educating people about sex and relationships and whats okay and whats not okay in both of those things. [emailprotected] Pleasure is  a student-led effort to promote healthy relationships and eliminate sexual violence at MIT, and maybe this is biased, but there are very few organizations at other colleges that are similar to this one. PLEASURE stands for Peers Leading Education About Sexuality and Speaking Up for Relationship Empowerment, and their student liaisons Pleasure Educators have received a lot of training in a wide variety of sexual health topics, and hold frequent workshops/study breaks about sexual education, consent, and relationships. Student Sex-Positive Club (SSC) The SSC focuses on creating a safe space to discuss sex and learning about ways to engage in enjoyable and consensual safe sex. They have a lot of information about kinks and how to engage in safe sex, and even have a library of books that you can educate yourself with. PLEASURE and SSC will give you a lot of information on why using contraceptives is important, but if youre actually in the market for contraceptives, then oh boy do I have a rundown for you.  The types of contraceptives that you can get depend on the type of student insurance you have, so lets go over that first. MIT Insurance Plan Types Lets start with the basics. All MIT students are on one of two insurance plans: the regular Student Medical Plan, and the Student Extended Insurance Plan. At the beginning of each year, were all automatically added to the Extended plan. The Extended plan is a full insurance plan in its own right, and meets the minimum essential health coverage requirements in accordance with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act according to MIT Medical. It does cost extra, though, and isnt included in basic tuition (the basic Student Plan is). Since a lot of us are already on our familys U.S. based insurance plans, it can be unnecessary to have to pay extra to be on a whole other insurance plan, so you have the option to waive the Extended plan and just be on the basic plan. To reiterate, the basic plan  is included in student tuition.  This is something that I didnt know coming in I thought that because I waived the extended insurance, I just didnt have MIT insurance. I also didnt know that just on basic tuition, you can get a lot of services for free at Medical. You  can find more information about the basic Student Plan here and more information about the Extended plan here. Contraceptives and Other Services Offered By MIT Medical Free and Readily Available to Everybody (walk-in, no appointment required!) Free and confidential STI testing:  MIT Medical offers free walk-in STI clinics in partnership with PLEASURE. Every two months, all MIT students get emails from PLEASURE and from their halls Pleasure Educators reminding them about this months STI clinic. If you are sexually active at all, then this is a great thing to go to! I went with a group of my friends and can confirm that it was very free, very easy, and very confidential. The walk-in clinic is always at the Student Center and tests for most STIs, but some STIs can only be detected through a blood test, so you have the (recommended) option to schedule a blood test at MIT Medical. I did this as well, and it was also free and easy. This isnt to say that STIs are rampant at MIT (theyre not), but getting tested is part of having safe sex and its better to be safe than sorry, honestly. Free condoms at the Community Wellness Center at MIT Medical (3rd floor of building E23, from 8 am to 8 pm): Yes, thats right, you dont even have to buy condoms. Make sure you go when theyre actually open (Ive made this mistake a couple of times), or get a friendly neighborhood Pleasure Educator to tap you in after-hours. In addition to a very wide variety of condoms (various sizes, flavors, glow in the dark), the Community Wellness Center also has female condoms, dental dams, and many types of lube. Your hall should have a communal box of condoms that is restocked semi-frequently by a hall Pleasure Educator, but you can also just go yourself or with a partner and grab the certain things that you like. Free on the Basic Student Plan (aka Free to ALL MIT STUDENTS w/ appointment) Intrauterine Devices, more commonly known as IUDs (appointment required, hormonal type lasts 3-6 years and copper type lasts up to 12 years, more than 99% effective!): A PSA to all MIT students with uteruses: YOU CAN GET AN IUD FOR FREE AT MIT MEDICAL. YES, YOU HEARD ME. YOUR PARENTS DONT EVEN HAVE TO KNOW ABOUT IT IF YOU CARE ABOUT THAT. MEDICAL OFFERS BOTH THE MIRENA AND THE PARAGARD (the hormonal and copper IUDs, respectively). All you have to do is make an appointment with Medicals OB/GYN and if that goes well, then boom! You can get an IUD! This is genuinely a really nice thing and if youre considering getting an IUD, then you dont have to go any farther than MIT Medical! Maybe this isnt as revolutionary to some people as this is to me, but I honestly didnt know that I could get an IUD for free on the basic plan I thought I had to be on the extended plan. Nexplanon implant (appointment required, lasts up to 4 years, more than 99% effective!) If youre squeamish about the intrauterine part of the IUD, then you might consider the Nexplanon implant, which is a tiny rod inserted into your upper arm that releases the appropriate hormones into your body. Getting a Nexplanon implant here requires a call to Womens Health at Medical, but thats it! Free on the Extended Insurance Plan (aka Free to students who HAVE NOT waived their extended plan w/ appointment) The additional forms of contraception that you can get on extended insurance are generally less effective, so I wont say that much about them. Dont worry, those of us on the basic plan arent missing out on that much! Diaphragm (appointment with Primary Care or OG/GYN required, insert at will, 88% effective with proper use) Oral contraceptives, aka the pill (appointment with Primary Care or OB/GYN required, ingest daily, 91% effective with proper use) Generics are free on the extended insurance, but if youre on the basic plan, you can get them prescribed at MIT Medical and get the actual medication ordered to a pharmacy outside of MIT. My pills are free on my non-MIT insurance and I just pick them up at the CVS in Central Square, 15 minutes away from campus. Depo-Provera injection (appointment with Primary Care or OB/GYN required, receive every 3 months, 99% effective with proper use) The brand name Depo shot has a copay, but the generic shot doesnt. Contraceptive patch (appointment with Primary Care or OB/GYN required, replace every week, 91% effective with proper use) NuvaRing (appointment with Primary Care or OB/GYN required, replace every month, 91% effective with proper use) BONUS: Emergency contraception:  Hopefully you wont need this, but if you do, it costs $40 over the counter if youre 17+ years old. If youre under 17, then you need an appointment with OB/GYN. A very nice table with all of this information is available on MIT Medicals site. Its also worth going through their Sexual Health page to see all the resources they provide! Thats it from me have fun and stay safe this November! Post Tagged #contraception #insurance plans #MIT Medical #[emailprotected] #sexual health #SSC #STI testing #wellness

Scorpion Fish Facts (Scorpaenidae)

The term scorpion fish refers to a group of ray-finned fishes in the family Scorpaenidae. Collectively, they are called rockfish or stonefish because they are bottom dwellers camouflaged to resemble rocks or coral. The family includes 10 subfamilies and at least 388 species. Important genera include the lionfish (Pterois sp.) and stonefish (Synanceia sp.). All scorpion fish have venomous spines, giving the fish their common name. While stings can be fatal to humans, the fish are not aggressive and only sting when threatened or injured. Fast Facts: Scorpion Fish Scientific Name: Scorpaenidae (species include Pterois volitans, Synaceia horrida)Other Names: Lionfish, stonefish, scorpionfish, rockfish, firefish, dragonfish, turkeyfish, stingfish, butterfly codDistinguishing Features: Compressed body with wide mouth and conspicuous, venomous dorsal spinesAverage Size: Under 0.6 meters (2 feet)Diet: CarnivorousLife Span: 15 yearsHabitat: Coastal tropical, subtropical, and temperate seas worldwideConservation Status: Least ConcernKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ActinopterygiiOrder: ScorpaeniformesFamily: ScorpaenidaeFun Fact: Scorpion fish not aggressive. They only sting if they are threatened or injured. Description The scorpion fish has a compressed body with ridges or spines on its head, 11 to 17 dorsal spines, and pectoral fins with well-developed rays. The fish come in all colors. Lionfish are brightly colored, so potential predators can identify them as a threat. Stonefish, on the other hand, have mottled coloring that camouflages them against rocks and coral. The average adult scorpion fish is under 0.6 meters (2 feet) in length. Except for lionfish, scorpion fish have a mottled coloration that serves as camouflage. LITTLE DINOSAUR / Getty Images Distribution Most members of the Scorpaenidae family live in the Indo-Pacific, but species occur worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and temperate seas. Scorpion fish tend to live in shallow coastal water. However, a few species occur as deep as 2200 meters (7200 feet). They are well-camouflaged against reefs, rocks, and sediment, so they spend most of their time near the sea floor. The red lionfish and common lionfish are invasive species in the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean off the coast of the United States. The only effective method of control to date has been NOAAs campaign of Lionfish as Food. Encouraging consumption of the fish not only helps control lionfish population density, but also helps protect overfished grouper and snapper populations. Reproduction and Life Cycle Female scorpion fish release between 2,000 and 15,000 eggs into the water, which are fertilized by the male. After mating, the adults move away and seek cover to minimize attention from predators. The eggs then float to the surface to minimize predation. Eggs hatch in after two days. The newly-hatched scorpion fish, called fry, remain near the surface until they are around about an inch long. At this time, they sink to the bottom to seek a crevice and begin hunting. Scorpion fish live up to 15 years. Diet and Hunting The carnivorous scorpion fish preys upon other fish (including other scorpion fish), crustaceans, mollusks, and other invertebrates. A scorpion fish will eat virtually any other animal that can be swallowed whole. Most scorpion fish species are nocturnal hunters, while lionfish are most active in the morning daylight hours. Some scorpion fish wait for prey to approach. Lionfish actively hunt and attack prey, using a bilateral swim bladder to precisely control body position. To catch prey, a scorpion fish blows a jet of water toward its victim, disorienting it. If the prey is a fish, the jet of water also causes it to orient against the current so that its facing the scorpion fish. Head-first capture is easier, so this technique improves hunting efficiency. Once the prey is positioned correctly, the scorpion fish sucks in its prey whole. In some cases, the fish uses its spines to stun prey, but this behavior is fairly uncommon. Predators While its likely that predation of eggs and fry is the primary form of natural population control of scorpion fish, its unclear what percentage of scorpion fish young are eaten. Adults have few predators, but sharks, rays, snappers, and sea lions have been observed hunting the fish. Sharks appear to be immune to scorpion fish venom. Although scorpion fish are venomous, they are gentle animals. This diver is feeding a lionfish. Justin Okoye / EyeEm / Getty Images Scorpion fish arent fished commercially because of the risk of stings. However, they are edible, and cooking the fish neutralizes the venom. For sushi, the fish may be eaten raw if the venomous dorsal fins are removed before preparation. Scorpion Fish Venom and Stings Scorpion fish erect their spines and inject venom if they are bitten by a predator, grabbed, or stepped on. The venom contains a mixture of neurotoxins. Typical symptoms of poisoning include intense, throbbing pain that lasts up to 12 hours, peaking in the first hour or two following the sting, as well as redness, bruising, numbness, and swelling at the sting site. Severe reactions include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, tremors, decreased blood pressure, shortness of breath, and abnormal heart rhythms. Paralysis, seizures, and death are possible, but are usually restricted to stonefish poisoning. The young and elderly are more susceptible to the venom than healthy adults. Death is rare, but some people are allergic to the venom and may suffer anaphylactic shock. Australian hospitals keep stonefish anti-venom on hand. For other species and for stonefish first aid, the first step is to remove the victim from water to prevent drowning. Vinegar may be applied to reduce pain, while the venom may be inactivated by immersing the sting site in hot water for 30 to 90 minutes. Tweezers should be used to remove any remaining spines and the area should be scrubbed with soap and water and then flushed with fresh water. Medical care is required for all scorpion fish, lionfish, and stonefish stings, even if the venom appears to be deactivated. Its important to be certain that no spine remnants remain in the flesh. A tetanus booster may be recommended. Conservation Status Most species of scorpion fish have not been evaluated in terms of conservation status. However, the stonefish Synanceia verrucosa and Synanceia horrida are listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List, with stable populations. The luna lionfish Pterois lunulata and red lionfish Pterois volitans are also least concern. The population of red lionfish, an invasive species, is increasing. While no significant threats face scorpion fish at this time, they may be at risk from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Sources Doubilet, David (November 1987). Scorpionfish: Danger in Disguise. National Geographic. Vol. 172 no. 5. pp. 634–643. ISSN 0027-9358Eschmeyer, William N. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N., eds. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 175–176. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.Morris J.A. Jr., Akins J.L. (2009). Feeding ecology of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the Bahamian archipelago. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 86 (3): 389–398. doi:10.1007/s10641-009-9538-8Sauners P.R., Taylor P.B. (1959). Venom of the lionfish  Pterois volitans.  American Journal of Physiology.  197: 437–440Taylor, G. (2000). Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 30 (1). ISSN 0813-1988

Does Homosexuality Have A Biological Basis - 2082 Words

Does Homosexuality Have a Biological Basis? Aliyyah Dewji Candidate #: Seminole High School 08/24/15 Word Count: Many scientists have a difficult time understanding homosexuality on the evolutionary aspect. They believe a human beings’ main purpose is reproduction, which makes the sexual relationship between two males a confusing concept for most evolutionary thinkers (McKnight 1). Evolutionary thinkers believe that the less desirable genes are removed from the system when they are not breed as often, but this cannot be said for homosexual males who have been a continuing presence in most societies over numerous generations (McKnight 1). These evolutionary thinkers, like most humans, have a need to place others into†¦show more content†¦A great number of the gay community, however, hopes that the basis for homosexuality will be biological (Steen 188). Many parents that have homosexual children do not want to be associated with the theory of environmental factors, because they believe they did not contribute to make their children homosexual (Baird and Baird 73). They believ e that if it is biological, it will mean it is part of life and not a choice they made (Steen 188). Understanding the human body and the factors that can affect the body is drastically important to most humans, which is why a lot of psychologist are so curious about the basis of homosexuality. Now the real question is, to what extent does homosexuality have a biological basis? One theory that many psychologist and scientist are trying to prove is that homosexuality has a fundamental biological basis. Similar to most mammalian species, humans at conception are females (McKnight 22). Toward the end of the first trimester is when the babies with a â€Å"male genetic message† begin to have small doses of two hormones, chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone, which start the altering process of the gonads into testes (McKnight 22). The hormones two jobs are to control the sexual development and control their function (McKnight 22). When the brain starts to develop masculine characteristics and lose the feminine characteristics, the processes are separate and occur at different

Love or Fame Which is More Important Free Essays

The issue regarding which is more important, love and family ties or fame and political power are issues that are always present in every generation. Well, which is really more important that we should devote our lives in search for the more important thing? Is blood really thicker than water? It is a subjective topic in which persons have different experiences and stand about the subject matter. This paper aims to answer this question by referring to three different epic plays: Oedipus the King and Antigone by Sophocles, and Aeneid by Virgil. We will write a custom essay sample on Love or Fame: Which is More Important? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is also important to look at the values and actions displayed by the characters of the stories and to analyze whether they are still applicable in our contemporary time. In the story of Antigone, Haemon must choose between her love for Antigone and the fame and political power that await him if he obeys his father. Now Haemon is facing a dilemma because of the conflict between his love and his father. The same choice goes for Antigone for she wants to give her brother the honor of being buried in the right way. However, doing so would mean that she must disobey King Creon’s order. Disobeying the king does not only take the opportunity to be the princess by marrying the king’s son, Haemon, but her own life as well. But Antigone and Haemon decided to follow their hearts. In the end, Antigone killed herself. Knowing that his love is death, Haemon also decided to end his life. Thus, their value for their love ones cost them their own lives. However, they still gain the respect and sympathy of the people of Thebes. It can be said that the actions of Antigone and Haemon are not applicable in our present time. Although there are several movies that portray the same idea, this rarely happen in reality. It is a very rare case in which lovers decided to end their lives since it is impossible for them to be together. They can be considered as martyrs rather than heroes because of the act. Antigone also displays the kind of courage and determination that is greatly needed in our society today. Although she is a woman, she defies the odds and even the king for what she believes is right. Adding to the fact that she lives in the period when woman are considered inferior to man. This kind of courage is really needed by the present generation. Not only woman but men as well that have the courage to stand up and are willing to sacrifice their own lives in order to make a change. Today, although woman are accepted by our society and are ‘said’ to be equal to men, there are still some times that they are afraid to speak out and fight for their rights. Also both men and women are sometimes afraid to question some of the things that they find unjust in the society. They are afraid to face the consequences and are unwilling to make a change to improve social order. This characteristic is really needed in our society today, the courage to fight for what is right even if the whole society is against us. If only there are those like Antigone that are willing to give it all in order to make a change, I’m sure that our society will be a better place to live. On the other hand, King Creon cannot consider himself victorious. His persistence and determination to exercise his power over the people of Thebes had a considerably great cost. Not only had he lost the sympathy of the people of Thebes and the approval of the gods but the life of his son and wife as well. His authority blinded him and the result is loosing the persons that he values the most. If our present leaders will demonstrate the same reason and behavior like that of King Creon, the people will surely revolt and take their powers and authority away and give it to someone more deserving and just. The people will surely not tolerate such actions. In the Aeneid, Dido falls in love with Aeneas. They live together that makes Dido thinks that they are really husbands and wives. However, due to Aeneas vision of building a great city, he left Dido. Thus, Dido killed herself using Aeneas own sword. This action by Dido can also be considered as inappropriate in our time. Having that wealth and power is what everyone wants and throwing it all away together with your life is a very foolish thing to do. The same thing also goes for Aeneas, staying beside Dido ensures that a good future awaits him. No one would dare to exchange a wealthy living to a future that is unknown especially putting his or her own life on the line. But Aeneas is in search of greater glory and power. He pursues his desire to build a strong city. Indeed, he was able to build a great city and fulfill his destiny. He was a successful warrior, leader and founder and was able to fulfill a great vision. Still, things had not been easy for him. He also lost some of his love ones including his beloved wife and father. On the story of Oedipus, Oedipus chooses love over power. Although his known father Polybus is the King of Corinth, Oedipus decided to ran away from Corinth, sacrificing his title as the prince and the opportunity to be the future king. The fear of killing his father and marrying his mother had been the basis of his actions. In order to protect the people that he loves and to thwart the destiny that had been foretold about him, Oedipus lost everything that can be considered of great value, the easy and good life that he has in Corinth. In the end, he blinded himself and left Thebes without anything because of the words that he had given and as a punishment for all that he had done.   T oday, such punishment is not applicable and no one will also have the courage to do such thing. There are so many ways in which you can pay the wrong things that you had done and doing something like what Oedipus did is something unimaginable.   Death would be more acceptable than to suffer in the same way like Oedipus suffers. In the case of Queen Jocasta and King Creon, no one would abandon his or her child because of a prophecy. Abandoning a child at an early age is a very terrible thing to do. Yes there are times that we consult things like tarot reading, fortune telling an the likes in search for the answers to our questions about the future, but these visions are never considered as the primary basis of making decisions especially when life is involve. The respect given by the characters to the members of their family is also needed in the contemporary time. Today, youths are said to be losing respect especially to their parents whom they owe everything. Respect is a very important component of building a strong family ties. Also, respect for the authorities is needed in building a strong nation. Conflicts and wars arise because of the lost of respect to those who have the authority and to the right of every individual to live a peaceful life. In the three stories, those who value their family and love ones so much ended up in misfortune. The same thing goes for those who wanted to protect and achieve power. Thus, to search for love and for power both have negative consequences. To pursue love means to put your own life in the line and to face several hardships, to pursue power means to endanger the lives of the persons that you love and be left alone. Whether to choose love and family over fame and political power is really a big decision. You cannot have the best of both worlds. To pursue love means to let go of powers and fame and vise versa. Also we cannot really determine which is important, whether to choose love and family ties over fame and power depends upon the situation. What is important is that we do not only consider our own benefit in making the right decision. Also the stories show that to pursue love and power is not wrong, however living your life to attain just one of them is sure to cost you a lot. In making a decision we should both consider the heart and as well as the mind in order to come up with the right decision. Reference GradeSaver LLC,. (2007). The Aeneid. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http://www.gradesaver.com/classicnotes/titles/aeneid/fullsumm.html GradeSaver LLC,. (2007). Oedipus the King. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http://www.gradesaver.com/classicnotes/titles/oedipus/section3.html GradeSaver LLC,. (2007). Antigone. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http://www.gradesaver.com/classicnotes/titles/antigone/section3.html          How to cite Love or Fame: Which is More Important?, Essay examples

Intellectual Property Law and Tax Law

Question: Discuss about intellectual property law and tax law? Answer: Introduction Laws that govern businesses in America are considered to be part of business law. Thus it can include a wide range of subjects from information privacy to bankruptcy. Business law id also known as Commercial Law. It governs the issues that affect businesses. Business entities must abide by these legal frameworks in running their businesses. Intellectual Property Law and Tax Law are one of the two important aspects of business law and I have discussed them in precise. Intellectual Property Law Intellectual Property Law gives protection to a companys own creations and resources. Important areas of this law are Patent, Copyright and Trademark Law. Patent Law gives protection to inventions, Copyright Law protects arts and Trademarks protects logos etc under which a company is running business. In present times it is very important for business organizations to get Intellectual Property protection. In case intellectual property is violated business organizations must take legal recourse.(AllLaw.com, 2015) Tax Law This branch of law deals with all taxation rules, requirements and regulations which a business organization must abide by. A business organization must hold a good understanding of the tax laws or else it might end up violating them. Business organizations may also benefit from exemptions provided under the law. (Small Business - Chron.com, 2015) Conclusion In conclusion I would say that apart from the two areas discussed above a business organization must stay within the bounds of the laws governing business, in case business organizations fail to do so they would not be able to run their businesses successfully. References com,. (2015). Intellectual Property Law: Patents, Trademarks and Copyright - AllLaw.com. Retrieved 14 May 2015, from https://www.alllaw.com/topics/intellectual_property Small Business - Chron.com,. (2015). What Is U.S. Business Law?. Retrieved 14 May 2015, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/us-business-law-17183.html

Causes Of World War I Essays (2614 words) - Causes Of World War I

Causes Of World War I On June 28, a Serbian student, Gavrilo Princip, spurred Europe into the most catastrophic event of modern history, assassinating Austrian Archduke, Francis Ferdinand. Yet, somewhere behind this simple act lies a much deeper and complex origin to a war unlike any had ever seen or even imagined. Profound improvements in war technology, growing tensions between neighboring European ethnic groups, and a comprehensive system of alliances and treaties, which all defined The First World War, resulted in the essential annihilation of an entire generation of European men and led to an equally devastating War twenty-five years later. The causes of such, and the appointment of blame, have been tenaciously argued and re-argued by historians from all perspectives and biases. This paper will also examine the question of who is to blame for World War I. The initial conclusion to the question of responsibility was handed down at the treaty of Versailles following Germany's signing of the armistice on November 11, of 1918, ending the War. The treaty placed the blame of the war solely on Germany's shoulders, dealing her tremendously harsh punishments that ensured severe detriment to Germany's economy, military and general prestige. This would also lead a shamed Germany into a decade of despair and finger pointing that would see a radical Adolf Hitler lead his downtrodden masses into the Second World War. The Versailles treaty, plainly drafted by avaricious victors seeking exorbitant reparations on the basis of renewed sentiments of hate, prejudice and blind fury, in no way reflects the true picture of responsibility for World War I. Though Germany deserves an allotment of the blame, and possibly a greater portion than any other participant in the war does, certainly there were factors outside of Germany's control that led to the war. T hese factors, which find their roots dispersed throughout a half century's time leading up to the war, include: the establishment of alliances among the leading powers of Europe, following a history of wars seeking to maintain a balance of power among these nations; nationalist ideals of unity and ethnic supremacy; and an inability by the leading statesmen of the time to work out an efficient and compromising solution to the problem at hand. Ultimately, every major power involved in the War, and the representatives of those countries, without exception, can be justly apportioned, to a greater or lesser degree, based on the aforementioned criteria, a part of the blame. The calculated system of alliances that determined the sides for World War I were carefully established in the mid-19th Century to sustain an even balance of power throughout Europe. Germany's Otto Von Bismarck established these alliances in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. France, soundly defeated, lost territories in Alsace and Lorraine, as well as being handed heavy war debts, and Bismarck predicted an eventual attempt by the French to regain their land and integrity. The politically savvy Bismarck, to prevent any French aggression, organized a triumvirate of leading European powers, Germany, Austria and Italy, and formed the Triple Alliance in 1891, effectively isolating France within Europe. This, the most significant of a number of alliances established by Bismarck with other eastern powers including Russia, also allowed Germany to mediate and ease tensions as Russia and Austria continually jockeyed for dominance in the Balkans. Therefore, of the countries that made up the Triple Alliance, clearly Germany had the greatest influence on the outcome of the events leading up to World War I. Opposing Bismarck's Triple Alliance was France, Russia and Great Britain's Triple Entente. France, who had obvious agitation with Germany, sought to counter the Central Power's with an alliance of its own. France immediately looked to Russia whom they knew had a fierce conflict of interest with Austria, Germany's most powerful ally. Russia, who was experiencing intense domesticate volatility, did not hesitate to join forces with a reliable French nation. Lacking from the dyad was a third power that could counter Germany's well-established military forces. England initially remained neutral, as it sought no defense or expanse of European territories. However, as the late 19th Century dragged on and Germany continued a frenetic expanse of their navy and began to challenge Britain's military and economic

Mussolini and Italian Facism essays

Mussolini and Italian Facism essays Benito Mussolini leader of the Fascist government in Italy stated, If the XIXth century was the century of the individual (Liberalism implies individualism), we are free to believe that this is the collective century, and therefore the century of the state (Mussolini: 149 s statement is defensible on so many levels, but the claim cannot be made for the entire century, it was only the first half of the 20th century. In the first half of the twentieth century, governments were more focused on power of the their state, and not the well being of their individual citizens of that certain state. After the First World War, many countries tried Democracy as a form of government in an attempt to steer clear of a Second World War. But with the world economy in ruins during the Great Depression, countries shied away from democracy because they believed capitalism could not work. Other events such as Hitlers rise to power, the Spanish Civil War, and the Cold War are more reasons and event s that support Benito Mussolinis declaration that the 20th century was the collective century. With the culmination of the First World War, countries that were previously controlled by totalitarian regimes, turned away from that style of government. Countries such as Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, which were all previously ruled or dominated by Russia, turned to certain forms of democracy as their style of government. Also democracy was instituted in Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. These new states believed in their independence, and democracy looked like a desirable blueprint for success in part, due to the allied victory. These countries instituted constitutions developed according to liberal principles. However, political polarization and economic collapse soon endangered these governments. High inflation rates from wartime d...

Sociology (see question in the sources or references box) Term Paper

Sociology (see question in the sources or references box) - Term Paper Example (Redda, Walker and Barnett, 1989, p.1) Drug abuse is also known as substance abuse or chemical abuse. Drug abuse interferes with the health of an individual and also causes hindrance to the normal functioning of a person in the society. The concept of drug abuse should not be confused with drug misuse. The difference between drug abuse and drug misuse is that the former involves intake of inappropriate substances whereas the latter means taking of prescribed drugs in inappropriate proportion. (Redda, Walker and Barnett, 1989)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A number of cross-sectional studies have shown that the experimentation of drugs begins in the adolescent years and reaches its peak between the age of 18 and 22. It has also been found that the use of drugs is surprisingly more among the minority youth population. A lot of focus has been provided to the drug abuse among the youth because drug abuse among the young people can cause a number of problems like, school dropouts, family dysfunction, truancy, delinquency, poor performance in the school and exhibition of unconventional behaviors in the form like drinking, taking of risks and early sexual activity. (Kopstein, 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the article, â€Å"Canada now a major drug player: Report†, the issue which has been discussed was that Canada has become a major player in the world market of drugs. A bulk amount of drug seizure has taken place in Canada in the year 2007. And the article also reported that the motor cycle gangs were mostly engaged with the drug marketing in Canada which gives us evidence of the fact the participation of the youth in drug abuse are increasing in Canada and it is becoming a social problem in the country. (Lake, 2009)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ontario should continue to fight menace of Marijuana† is an article which debates that it would be profitable for Canada to legalize

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Land Law - Essay Example In addition, equitable interests bound persons other than bona fide purchases of the estate for value without any notice of equitable rights3. However, Law of Property Act 2002 outlines certain legal rights such as leases for more than seven years that require registration and that will bind the purchaser of the land. Covenants, easements and estate contracts need registration; otherwise, the purchaser will not be bound regardless of whether he had knowledge of such interests. However, the right of beneficiaries under trust is overreaching thus is subject to doctrine of notice4. Estates and tenures stem from common law that dominated the early English law system that eventually evolved to Royal courts in terms of common pleas and exchequer. However, writs of the courts led to injustice in certain cases and principles of equity emerged based on conscience. Equity would prevail over common law in cases of conflict. For instance, common law courts refused to recognize the right of beneficiaries under trust land since it is only the trustees who had legal rights to the land unlike courts of equity that fully recognized the right of beneficiaries to the property5. In this case, equitable rights were not enforceable against a bona fide purchaser of a legal estate for value without any notice of any other attached claim to the estate. On the other hand, common law acts in rem and is enforceable against anybody ‘good against the whole world’ on all legal estates and interests6. According to land law, a bona fide purchaser for value is an innocent party who purchases property without any notice of any other party’s claim to the land. The bona fide purchaser must acquire the land for value rather than being a beneficiary to the land. In this case, the purchaser can acquire title to the land despite the competing claim from other interested parties7. A purchaser

Evolution Of Defence Industry In India History Essay

Evolution Of Defence Industry In India History Essay 12. The history of DIB in India dates back to 1775 when British authorities accepted setting up of Board of Ordnance in Fort William, Kolkata. This was the official beginning of the Army Ordnance in India. In 1787 a gun powder factory was established at Ishapore which started production from 1791  [1]  . However, the first ordnance factory, Gun Shell factory was established at Cossipore in 1801 to manufacture guns and ammunition.  [2]  Since then the DIB in British ruled India grew to 7 Ordnance Factories (OFs) by the end of WWI and 18 OFs at the time of independence1, generally catering to repair overhaul and supplementing weapons and equipment produced in Britain. During this period India was never allowed to develop core competencies in industrial production. Post Independence up to 1960s 13. Post independence the Indian leadership aimed at attaining self-sufficiency in entire domain of defence production. To achieve this Industry Policy Resolution 1948 and The Industries (Development Regulation) Act, 1951  [3]  emphasized core industries (including defence sector) be taken care of by central government. Hence, eight Defence Public Sector Units (DPSUs) were established under aegis of Government, to undertake defence production. Defence Science Organisation(DSO), which was established to take up challenges of RD, got amalgamated with technical development establishment (TDE) in 1958. Hence, DRDO was created which then comprised of 10 laboratories  [4]  . Post 1962 War 14. Post 1962 war license production and direct purchase remained predominant form of supply for armed forces. This resulted in a gap of nearly three decades in Indias effort toward indigenous production which was especially evident in the fields of RD. A fighter aircraft between Marut and the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), a basic trainer aircraft between HT-2 and HPT- 32, an intermediate trainer between Kiran and yet-to-be fully developed Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) are some of the examples that typify both technology and production gaps  [5]  . Trends in 1980s and 1990s 15. During this period Global defence expenditure touched its peak in 1987 and then fell sharply in late 1980s and early 1990s. This period also saw globalization with countries opening up their economies, rise in low intensity conflicts, lawlessness, crimes and terrorism. This period was the starting point of major defence acquisitions from abroad coupled with major initiatives in indigenous defence production, including RD. The license production of Jaguars and MiG-27M was undertaken by HAL  [6]  . This period also saw commencement of indigenous development of LCA, ALH, MBT Arjun by DRDO and missiles under Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL). However, fructification of these projects was accompanied by inordinate delays and technological gaps. 16. With nothing forthcoming from indigenous RD, the mainstay of armed forces was met through substantial arms acquisition from abroad. With the change in environment after nuclear explosions by India and Pakistan and the Kargil conflict, the country had to give a re-look to its defence strategy including its objective of achieving self-reliance in defence industry. Defence Industry in 21st Century 17. The importance of civil military interaction to attain near self-reliance in defence production was realized and this period saw changes at institutional and organizational levels as recommended by GoM Committee Report on Reforming the National Security System. The major shift in policy was allowing 100% private sector participation and 26% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in defence-industrial sector  [7]  . Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) has been instrumental in influencing such a marked change in policy. While these far-reaching institutional and policy-oriented changes have been underway for quite some time, the demand for private participation has assumed significance in recent years. Trends in Global Defence Industry 18. Cold War era saw an upward trend in military demand followed by a reverse trend in post cold war era. Reduction in defence budget allocation  [8]  in the post cold war period, as shown in Table 1 resulted in many smaller companies either merging with big ones or shifting towards civilian production. Mergers and acquisitions resulted in creation of few giant companies like Boeing, Lockheed Martin, British Aerospace, Northrop Grumman and EADS. As shown in Table, the military expenditure again witnessed upward trend since 1999 and this is likely to continue in future  [9]  . With procurement budgets increasing new opportunities are expected for the defence industry. In the changing conflict scenario, there has been an upward trend in the LIC, insurgency, terrorism, OOAC etc as a result of which the global defence industry after a period of significant downsizing and rationalization has entered into a phase of renewed attention. Table 1: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI): Military Expenditure Database in GDP 1988 2009. Indias Defence Industry. 19. Post Cold War era, changing trends in global defence industry had affected Indian DIB. Economic liberalization has resulted in indigenous build-up of technological base in IT, communication, electronics, automobile sectors etc. Since, all defence acquisitions till mid 90s were either outright or under license production/TOT, DPSUs/OFs could only gain expertise in production by assembling Completely knock Down (CKD) and/or Semi knock Down (SKD) Kits imported from the Original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The real TOT aimed at enhancing the indigenous development was missing in all these deals. However, the most far reaching change, in recent times, that has impacted the Indias DIB is opening up of defence sector for private participation. The objectives are manifold viz., reduction of defence imports from current levels of 70 percent, increase in defence exports, enhance the indigenous RD skill level and infrastructure to produce state of the art equipment within time frames spec ified. In Jan 2001, the GOI initiated a series of major initiatives that included FDI up to about 26 percent and full private participation in certain sectors in defence industry. However, licensing requirement was still an impediment towards luring private industries. Shift from Self Sufficiency to Self-Reliance 20. Since independence Indias Industry Policy Resolution of 1948 and 1951 was aimed at achieving self sufficiency in defence production. Towards this the government invested heavily in scientific and technological institutions such as IITs, CSIR, ICAR, DAE, DoS, ICMR, DRDO etc. However, the countrys defence was neglected, as was evident in 1962 war. With a weak DIB, the policies to maximize production in order to attain self-sufficiency in defence sector although were considered farsighted, did not match expectations, thus leading to shift of focus from self-sufficiency model to self reliance model. 21. Self-reliance in its true sense does not preclude accessing external sources for technology and systems, or external help in any stage of the production cycle. Hence, self-reliance meant apart from Indias own production base for support a degree of dependence on reliable foreign sources for access to technologies, supply of components and complete systems was desirable. These were materialized by meeting urgent and immediate demands through imports form abroad while simultaneously striving for indigenous capabilities in defence production. Although Indias main focus on imports was from western countries like UK, France, Sweden these countries were reluctant in supplying defence equipment to India post 1962 war. Indias quest for self reliance got a major boost when Russia agreed for licence production by various DPSUs as well as OFs in India. However, in the bargain TOT aimed at enhancing indigenous production and RD activities lost focus. The outcome of this is obvious, as witn essed in the LCA program, MBT Arjun and aero engine Kaveri. In spite of having produced aircraft, tanks and aero engines under Licence Production, the organizations involved in the production could hardly assimilate and nurture the technology needed to supplement our own indigenous efforts. Probably the focus of these organizations was more towards production rather than indigenization. Analysis 22. Thus, the approach that India adopted in defence procurement and defence industrial development can be divided into three stages. The first stage was from independence till 1962 when all defence needs were met from overseas procurement. The second stage was from 1962 till mid-1980s when efforts were made to build domestic production through licence production. The third stage from mid-1980s until the present day not only saw procurement from Russia and France, but also initiation of a number of indigenous RD projects. 23. Prior to independence, the focus of DIB was primarily aimed at supplementing the equipment produced in Britain. Various committees such as the Chatfield committee in 1938, Roger Mission, the Eastern Group 1940 and the Grady Mission 1942 were formed to look into issues relating to Indias defence production  [10]  . The Grady Mission could not find a single person or department with whom they could discuss issues pertaining to defence production in India. Hence, the mis-management of the defence production in India dates back from colonial era and the heritage continues even today with the defence RD and production sector still being neglected by the bureaucracy and the political giants. 24. Globally, Military technology has grown from the era of vacuum tube and electromechanical systems of early 19th century to miniaturized electronics and software driven sophisticated systems. Till the cold war era, Military Doctrine drove technology. However, in the fast-changing technological world, technology is driving military doctrines. NOTES AND REFERENCES

Harmonic Elimination

336 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 Modulation-Based Harmonic Elimination Jason R. Wells, Member, IEEE, Xin Geng, Student Member, IEEE, Patrick L. Chapman, Senior Member, IEEE, Philip T. Krein, Fellow, IEEE, and Brett M. Nee, Student Member, IEEE Abstract—A modulation-based method for generating pulse waveforms with selective harmonic elimination is proposed. Harmonic elimination, traditionally digital, is shown to be achievable by comparison of a sine wave with modi? d triangle carrier. The method can be used to calculate easily and quickly the desired waveform without solution of coupled transcendental equations. Index Terms—Pulsewidth modulation (PWM), selective harmonic elimination (SHE). I. INTRODUCTION S ELECTIVE harmonic elimination (SHE) is a long-established method of generating pulsewidth modulation (PWM) with low baseband distortion [1]–[6]. Originally, it was useful mainly for inverters with naturally low switching frequency due to high power level or slow switching devices.Conventional sine-triangle PWM essentially eliminates baseband harmonics for frequency ratios of about 10:1 or greater [7], so it is arguable that SHE is unnecessary. However, recently SHE has received new attention for several reasons. First, digital implementation has become common. Second, it has been shown that there are many solutions to the SHE problem that were previously unknown [8]. Each solution has different frequency content above the baseband, which provides options for ? attening the high-frequency spectrum for noise suppression or optimizing ef? iency. Third, some applications, despite the availability of high-speed switches, have low switching-to-fundamental ratios. One example is high-speed motor drives, useful for reducing mass in applications like electric vehicles [9]. SHE is normally a two-step digital process. First, the switching angles are calculated of? ine, for several depths of modulation, by sol ving many nonlinear equations simultaneously. Second, these angles are stored in a look-up table to be read in real time. Much prior work has focused on the ? st step because of its computational dif? culty. One possibility is to replace the Fourier series formulation with another orthonormal set based on Walsh functions [10]–[12]. The resulting equations are more tractable due to the similarities between the rectangular Walsh function and the desired waveform. Another orthonormal set approach based on block-pulse functions is presented in [13]. In [14]–[20], it is observed that Manuscript received August 2, 2006; revised September 11, 2006.This work was supported by the Grainger Center for Electric Machines and Electromechanics, the Motorola Center for Communication, the National Science Foundation under Contract NSF 02-24829, the Electric Power Networks Ef? ciency, and the Security (EPNES) Program in cooperation with the Of? ce of Naval Research. Recommended for publ ication by Associate Editor J. Espinoza. J. R. Wells is with P. C. Krause and Associates, Hentschel Center, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. X. Geng, P. L. Chapman, P. T. Krein, and B. M.Nee are with the Grainger Center for Electric Machines and Electromechanics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA (e-mail: [email  protected] edu). Digital Object Identi? er 10. 1109/TPEL. 2006. 888910 the switching angles obtained traditionally can be represented as regular-sampled PWM where two phase-shifted modulating waves and a â€Å"pulse position modulation† technique achieve near-ideal elimination. Another approximate method is posed by [21] where mirror surplus harmonics are used. This involves solving multilevel elimination by considering reduced harmonic elimination waveforms in each switching level.In [22], a general-harmonic-families elimination concept simpli? es a transcendental system to an algebraic functional problem by zeroing entire harmonic fami lies. Faster and more complete methods have also been researched. In [23], an optimal PWM problem is solved by converting to a single univariate polynomial using Newton identities, Pade approximation theory, and symmetric function properties, which . If a few can be solved with algorithms that scale as O solutions are desired, prediction of initial guess values allows rapid convergence of Newton iteration [24].Genetic algorithms can be used to speed the solution [25], [26]. An approach that guarantees all solutions ? t a narrowly posed SHE problem transforms to a multivariate polynomial system [27]–[30] through trigonometric identities [31] and solves with resultant polynomial theory. Another approach [32]–[34] that obtains all solutions to a narrowly-posed problem uses homotopy and continuation theory. Reference [35] points out the exponentially growing nature of the problem and proposes the â€Å"simulated annealing† method as a way to rapidly design the wavef orm for optimizing distortion and switching loss.Another optimization-based approach is given in [36] and [37], where harmonics are minimized through an objective function to obtain good overall harmonic performance. There have been several multilevel and approximate real-time methods proposed; these are beyond the scope here but discussed brie? y in [38]. This manuscript proposes an alternative real-time SHE method based on modulation. A modi? ed triangle carrier is identi? ed that is compared to an ordinary sine wave. In place of the conventional of? ine solution of switching angles, the process simpli? s to generation and comparison of the carrier and sine modulation, which can be done in minimal time without convergence or precision concerns. The method does not require an initial guess. In contrast to other SHE methods, the method does not restrict the switching frequency to an integer multiple of the fundamental. The underlying idea was proposed in [39] but has been re? ned he re to identify speci? c carrier requirements that exactly eliminate harmonics and improve performance in deeper modulation. The method involves a function of modulation depth that is derived from simulation and curve ? ting. In this respect, it has some similarity to [15] and [16], in which approximate switching angles are calculated and ? tted to simple functions for cases of both low-( 0. 8 p. u. ) and high-modulation depth. It is interesting that the proposed approach connects modulation to a harmonic elimination process. Carrier waveform mod- 0885-8993/$25. 00  © 2007 IEEE IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 337 Fig. 1. Direct calculation of the phase modulation function at various modulation depths with ? rst through 109th harmonics controlled.Fig. 2. Direct calculation of the phase modulation function at various modulation depths with ? rst through 177th harmonics controlled. i? cation is common in other PWM work, as in switching frequency ra ndomization intended to reduce high-frequency components. A detailed review is outside the scope, but one discussion is given in [40]. The proposed technique is not a variation of random-frequency carriers. Instead, the carrier waveform is modi? ed in a speci? c and deterministic way to bring about a certain effect. The proposed method is readily implemented in real time.The switching signals themselves can be generated by analog comparison, while the modi? ed carrier is generated with fast digital calculation and digital-to-analog conversion. Hardware demonstration is provided here. An approximate, low-cost implementation based on present-day hardware is given in [41], but further re? nement is needed for precise elimination. II. SIGNAL DEFINITIONS AND SIMULATED RESULTS Consider a quasi-triangular waveform to be used as the carrier signal in a PWM implementation. In principle, the frequency and phase can be modulated.To represent this, consider a triangular carrier function written as (1) where is the base switching frequency, is a phase-mod0, (1) reulation signal, and is a static phase shift. For duces to an ordinary triangle wave based on conventional quadrant de? nitions of the inverse cosine function. The modulating where signal will be represented as is the depth of modulation. The pulsewidth-modulated signal, , is 1 if and 1, otherwise. 2 In [39], a phase modulation function is considered, where is the desired output fundamental fre, but dequency. This was shown to approach SHE at low 0. . To determine a better phase-modulagrades above tion function, the pattern of switching angles that occurs was investigated. Fig. 1 shows the phase modulation values needed for various with harmonics 1–109 conversus angle trolled. Fig. 2 shows the same with harmonics 1–177 controlled. Many other sets of controlled harmonics were tested with similar results. The pattern looks much like a shockwave pattern that can be modeled with the Bessel–Fubini e quation from nonlinear acoustics [42] (2) where is a Bessel function of the ? rst kind. The natural is in? ity in principle, but for calculation purposes number 15 or higher is usually suf? cient, as discussed below. The and have been determined by curve functions ? tting as (3) 1. and (4), shown at the bottom of the page, where 0 Fig. 3 shows a closeup view of a PWM waveform generated as in (2). Nineteen harmonics are with a carrier that uses 0. 95. The waveform is compared controlled with a (high) to one generated with conventional elimination by numerical solution of nonlinear equations. As can be seen, the switching edges match well. Fig. 4 shows a full-period time waveform and a magnitude 11.With spectrum [fast Fourier transform (FFT)] for this switching frequency ratio, the method eliminates harmonics two through ten (even harmonics are zero by symmetry). The 2 and the modulation depth carrier phase shift is set to 1. The spectrum con? rms the desired elimination. is 0. This v alue Fig. 5 shows the same study except with also achieves satisfactory baseband performance, but with a different pulse pattern. The pattern provides slight differences in higher-order harmonics. For example, the 11th and 13th harto . monics vary 2%–3% in magnitude as is varied from (4) 338IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 Fig. 3. Conventional harmonic elimination waveform and proposed PWM 0. 95, harmonics controlled through the 19th). waveform (m = Fig. 5. Pulse waveform p, message signal m, and magnitude of pulse waveform 1, and ‘ 0. spectrum for ! =! 11, m = = = Fig. 4. Pulse waveform p, message signal m, and magnitude of pulse waveform spectrum for ! =! 11, m 1, and ‘ =2. = = = In these cases, all baseband harmonics are eliminated. In three-phase systems, triplen harmonics may cancel in the currents automatically if neutral current does not ? w. Therefore it is not always necessary to eliminate them by design in the SHE pro cess. Modulation-based harmonic elimination excluding triplen harmonics is similar in many respects to the case here. However, the phase-modulation functions resemble piecewise polynomials rather than the shockwave form of Figs. 1 and 2. This is discussed in detail in [38]. The speed of calculating these waveforms is dictated by , the number of terms to keep in the series (2), and , the number of discrete points used to approximate the waveforms. A personal computer (1. 86-GHz Intel M Processor with 1. -GB RAM) running MATLAB on Windows XP was used to carry out the calculations. First, a modi? ed triangle wave was ap100 000 points per cycle, the modulation proximated with 1, and a frequency ratio of 19 was used. depth was set to was varied from ? ve to 35. Over this range, the The number quality of solution was acceptable and the average calculation time varied from 0. 327 to 0. 915 s. Next, the same conditions 35 and was varied from 10 000 were used with except to 200 000. The aver age calculation time varied almost linearly from 0. 149 to 1. 78 s with no signi? cant difference in the resulting spectrum.Finally, with held constant at 100 000, the frequency ratio was varied from seven to 51. The average calculation time was consistently near 0. 92 s. This is expected since the number of harmonics eliminated has no scaling effect in (2). However, for larger frequency ratios, larger may be needed for precision. In summary, it is recommended that be set to at least 1,000 the frequency ratio and set to at least 15. In any case, with present-day personal computers the solution can be calculated in less than 1 s (typically) without iteration, divergence, or need for an initial estimate, and reduced versions can be computed in less than 200 ms.Notice that this time interval need not cause trouble with real-time implementations. The carrier only needs to be recomputed with the modulation signal changes. In applications such as uninterruptible supplies, this is infreque nt. In motor-drive applications, a response time of 200 ms to a command change may be acceptable as is. Alternatively, a look-up table can store some of the relevant terms to speed up the process dramatically. Dedicated DSP Please de? ne DSPalgorithms will be much faster than PC computations based on MATLAB. III. EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES To show that the proposed technique satisfactorily eliminates harmonics, the modi? d carrier was programmed into a function generator. The output provided a carrier signal in a conventional sine-triangle process. Three examples are shown below to reveal a range of interesting conditions. Fig. 6 shows the resulting waveforms for a high-depth case 0, and 0. 95. The with nineteen harmonics eliminated, and are shown at frequency ratio is 21:1. The signals the top, followed by the PWM waveform and the FFT spectrum. From the spectrum it can be seen that the desired harmonic-free baseband spectrum is achieved. In the next example, the phase 2.The unexpected r esult was that the spectrum shift is was insensitive to , as shown in comparison to Fig. 7. The desired spectrum occurs despite the difference in carriers. The resulting PWM waveforms at various values of may not offer obvious advantages, but it is noteworthy that they are not the same as conventionally computed SHE waveforms and would not be achievable with conventional SHE solution techniques. As another example, it is shown that the carrier base fre, need not be an odd multiple of . In Fig. 8, the frequency, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 339 Fig. . Experimental modulation-based SHE with ! ‘ 0. = =! = 21, m = 0. 95, Fig. 9. Experimental modulation-based SHE with ! ‘ 0. = =! = 13. 5, m = 0. 95, Fig. 7. Experimental modulation-based SHE with ! ‘ =2. = =! = 21, m = 0. 95, Fig. 10. Experimental modulation-based SHE with ! ‘ 0. = =! = 50, m = 0. 95, The last example, shown in Fig. 10, applies to a case where a high number of harmonics is eliminated (50 1 ratio) effectively, which is much higher than typically are reported in the literature. IV. CONCLUSION A method for calculating and implementing SHE switching angles was proposed and demonstrated.The method is based on modulation rather than solution of nonlinear equations or numerical optimization. The approach is based on a modi? ed carrier waveform that can be calculated based on concise functions requiring only depth of modulation as input. It rapidly calculates the desired switching waveforms while avoiding iteration and initial estimates. Calculation time is insensitive to the switching frequency ratio so elimination of many harmonics is straightforward. It is conceivable the technique could be realized with low-cost microcontrollers for real-time implementation.Once the carrier is computed, a conventional carrier-modulator comparison process produces switching instants in real time. REFERENCES [1] F. G. Turnbull, â€Å"Selected harmonic reduc tion in static dc-ac inverters,† IEEE Trans. Commun. Electron. , vol. CE-83, pp. 374–378, Jul. 1964. Fig. 8. Experimental modulation-based SHE with ‘ 0. = ! =! = 20, m = 1. 0, quency ratio is adjusted to be 20:1, with 0, and now 1. 0. The same nineteen harmonics are eliminated, but now the switching frequency is 5% lower. 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Roman Civil War: Compare 69 Ce and 193 Ce

Civil War: compare 69 CE and 193 CE. Consider the issues of imperial Succession, the roles of the senate, military importance, and the ultimate settlement. How were they the same and different. The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69, in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession. These four emperors were Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. The suicide of emperor Nero, in 68, was followed by a brief period of civil war, the first Roman civil war since Mark Antony's death in 30 BC. Between June of 68 and December of 69, Rome witnessed the successive rise and fall of Galba, Otho and Vitellius until the final accession of Vespasian, first ruler of the Flavian Dynasty. This period of civil war has become emblematic of the cyclic political disturbances in the history of the Roman Empire. The military and political anarchy created by this civil war had serious repercussions, such as the outbreak of the Batavian rebellion. (The Jewish Revolt was already ongoing. )Vespasian did not meet any direct threat to his imperial power after the death of Vitellius. He became the founder of the stable Flavian dynasty that succeeded the Julio-Claudians and died of natural causes as emperor in 79. The Year of the Five Emperors refers to the year 193 AD, in which there were five claimants for the title of Roman Emperor. The five were Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus. The year 193 opened with the murder of Commodus on New Year's Eve, 31 December 192 and the proclamation of the City Prefect Pertinax as Emperor on New Year's Day, 1 January 193. Pertinax was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard on 28 March 193. Later that day, Didius Julianus outmaneuvered Titus Flavius Sulpicianus (Pertinax's father-in-law and also the new City Prefect) for the title of Emperor. Flavius Sulpicianus offered to pay each soldier 20,000 sestertii to buy their loyalty (eight times their annual salary; also the same amount offered by Marcus Aurelius to secure their favours in 161). Didius Julianus however offered 25,000 to each soldier to win the auction and was proclaimed Emperor by the Roman Senate on 28 March. However, three other prominent Romans challenged for the throne: Pescennius Niger in Syria, Clodius Albinus in Britain, and Septimius Severus in Pannonia. Septimius Severus marched on Rome to oust Didius Julianus and had him decapitated on 1 June 193, then dismissed the Praetorian Guard and executed the soldiers who had killed Pertinax. Consolidating his power, Septimius Severus battled Pescennius Niger at Cyzicus and Nicea in 193 and then decisively defeated him at Issus in 194. Clodius Albinus initially supported Septimius Severus believing that he would succeed him. When he realised that Severus had other intentions, Albinus had himself declared Emperor in 195 but was defeated by Septimius Severus at the Battle of Lugdunum on 19 February 197.

How to Discipline Without Stress, Punishment, or Rewards

Young people today come to school with a different orientation than past generations. Traditional student disciplining approaches are no longer successful for far too many young people. For example, a parent related the following to us after a discussion of how society and youth have changed in recent generations: The other day, my teenage daughter was eating in a rather slovenly manner, and I lightly tapped her on the wrist saying, Dont eat that way.My daughter replied, Dont abuse me.The mother had grown up in the 1960s and volunteered the point that her generation tested authority but most were really afraid to step out of bounds. She related that her daughter was a good child and added, But the kids today not only disrespect authority, they have no fear of it. And, because of rights for young children—which we should have—its hard to instill that fear without others claiming abuse. So, how can we discipline students, so we as teachers can do our jobs and teach these young children who refuse to learn? In many cases, we resort to punishment as a strategy for motivation. For example, students who are assigned detention and who fail to show are punished with more detention. But in my questioning about the use of detention in hundreds of workshops around the country, teachers rarely suggest detention is actually effective in changing behavior. Why Detention is an Ineffective Form of Punishment When students are not afraid, punishment loses its effectiveness. Go ahead and give the student more detention that he simply wont show up to. This negative, coercive discipline and punishment approach is based on the belief that it is necessary to cause suffering to teach. Its like you need to hurt in order to instruct. The fact of the matter, however, is that people learn better when they feel better, not when they feel worse. Remember, if punishment were effective in reducing inappropriate behavior, then there would be NO discipline problems in schools. The irony of punishment is that the more you use it to control your students behaviors, the less real influence you have over them. This is because coercion breeds resentment. In addition, if students behave because they are forced to behave, the teacher has not really succeeded. Students should behave because they want to—not because they have to in order to avoid punishment. People are not changed by other people. People can be coerced into temporary compliance. But internal motivation—where people want to change—is more lasting and effective. Coercion, as in punishment, is not a lasting change agent. Once the punishment is over, the student feels free and clear. The way to influence people toward internal rather than external motivation is through positive, non-coercive interaction. Heres how... How to Motivate Students to Learn Without Using Punishments or Rewards Great teachers understand that they are in the relationship business. Many students—especially those in low socio-economic areas—put forth little effort if they have negative feelings about their teachers. Superior teachers establish good relationships AND have high expectations. Great teachers communicate and discipline in positive ways. They let their students know what they want them to do, rather than by telling students what NOT to do. Great teachers inspire rather than coerce. They aim at promoting responsibility rather than obedience. They know that OBEDIENCE DOES NOT CREATE DESIRE. Great teachers identify the reason that a lesson is being taught and then share it with their students. These teachers inspire their students through curiosity, challenge, and relevancy. Great teachers improve skills that prompt students to WANT to behave responsibly and WANT to put effort into their learning. Great teachers have an open mindset. They REFLECT so that if a lesson needs improvement they look to themselves to change BEFORE they expect their students to change. Great teachers know education is about motivation. Unfortunately, todays educational establishment still has a 20th-century mindset that focuses on EXTERNAL APPROACHES to increase motivation. An example of the fallacy of this approach is the defunct self-esteem movement that used external approaches such as stickers and praise in attempts to make people happy and feel good. What was overlooked was the simple universal truth that people develop positive self-talk and self-esteem through the successes of THEIR OWN EFFORTS.